(An Experimental Study on 25 Meters, 50 Meters-Distance Anaerobic Interval Training, Combination of 25-50 Meters Distance in The Male Swimmers of Tirta Dharma and Almagari Surakarta Swimmer Association)
Oleh: Heri Pendianto
ABSTRACT
HERI PENDIANTO. A.120908011. The Effect of Anaerobic Interval Training and Arm Power On The Front Crawl Style of 100 Meter-Swimming Speed. Thesis. Surakarta. Postgraduate Program of Surakarta Sebelas Maret University, September 2009.
This research aims to find out (1) the effect difference of 25 meters and 50 meters distances anaerobic interval training on the Front Crawl style of 100-meter swimming speed increase, (2) the effect difference of 25 meters distance anaerobic interval training and the combination of 25-50 meters distance on the Front Crawl style of 100-meter swimming speed increase, (3) the effect difference of 50 meters distance anaerobic interval training and the combination of 25-50 meters distance on the Front Crawl style of 100-meter swimming speed increase, (4) the difference of Front Crawl style of 100-meter swimming speed between the swimmer with high arm power and the one with low arm power, and (5) the effect of interaction between the anaerobic interval training and the arm power on the Front Crawl style of 100-meter swimming speed.
This research employed an experimental method. The research design employed was a 3 x 2 factorial design. The subjects employed in the study were the male swimmers of Tirta Dharma and Almagari Surakarta swimmer association, as many as 36 swimmers. The sampling technique employed was purposive random sampling. Technique of analyzing data employed was ANAVA. Before running the 3 x 2 design ANAVA, the data analysis prerequisite test was done using the sample normality test (Lilliefors test with α = 0.05%) and variance homogeneity test (Bartlett test with α = 0.05%).
The conclusions of research are as follows: (1) There is a significant difference 25 meters and 50 meters distances anaerobic interval training in increasing the Front Crawl style of 100-meter swimming speed, (F0 = 11.4248 > Ft = 3.32). The effect of 25 meters distance anaerobic interval training is better then that of 50 meters distance anaerobic interval training, (2) There is a significant difference 25 meters and combination of 25-50 meters distances anaerobic interval training in increasing the Front Crawl style of 100-meter swimming speed, (F0 = 11.4248 > Ft = 3.32). The effect of 25 meters distance anaerobic interval training is better then that combination of 25-50 meters distance anaerobic interval training. (3) There is a significant difference 50 meters and combination of 25-50 meters distances anaerobic interval training in increasing the Front Crawl style of 100-meter swimming speed, (F0 = 11.4248 > Ft = 3.32). The effect of 50 meters distance anaerobic interval training is better then that combination of 25-50 meters distance anaerobic interval training. (4) there is a significant difference of Front Crawl style of 100-meter swimming speed between the swimmer with high arm power and the one with low arm power, (F0 = 5.1962 > Ft = 4.17). The effect of swimmer with high arm power is better then the one with low arm power, and (5) there is a significant the effect of interaction between the anaerobic interval learning and the arm power on the Front Crawl style of 100-meter swimming speed increase, (F0 = 7.0338 > Ft = 3.32).
Keywords: 25 Meters, 50 Meters-Distance Anaerobic Interval Training, Combination of 25-50 Meters Distance, Arm Power, Swimming.
Based on the fact in the field, in fact the swimmer athletes in Indonesia are still difficult to compete with the global athletes who always improve in their achievement. Indonesian swimmers are able to improve their achievement, but they are difficult to catch up with other countries’ achievement improvement.
The swimming sport building has not conducted training method innovation and diffusion. Training method innovation can be done through two approaches: firstly, by diffusing the new method inventions of scientific research product and secondly by applying the relevant training method, inline with the development of science and technology field.
The factors inhibiting the swimming sport establishing is the instructor less applying the increasingly complex sport science. Athlete establishing toward the top achievement or competition is an attempt that should be programmed. The result of swimming competition the athletes achieve is not merely allowed by the infrastructure and not individual effort, but the role of planned effort based on the scientific research, scientific and technology approaches. The application of theory and technology into sport is felt useful, particularly for the achievement sport in the top performance.
Many swimmer associations do not have a clear and measurable establishing program, so that the result or achievement is less satisfactory. The quality of swimming establishment starting from the “input”, process or “output” is frequently ignored such as: recruitment, discontinuously and unsustainable training program, inconsistent training method as well as no periodically evaluation.
The training is currently not only doing exercise but also a complex process. For understanding such problem an instructor should equip his/herself with sufficient knowledge. Swimming sport establishment is not only affected by the instructor and athlete today, but also by the science particularly sport science. Generally, many athletes and even instructors believe that the more physical exercise means is better. Actually what determines an athlete’s success is not how hard or how much the athlete practices but most importantly is the training intensity accuracy (Janssen, 1987: 155).
The most difficult problem in designing physical training program is to determine the physical training intensity that is useful and relevant to the training goal. The source of failure for most instructors in developing their athlete’s quality into the elite athlete is that the proper training dose and reliable training program evaluation have not been applied. It is because the sport science and technology progress has not been utilized optimally, among other.
An observation on physical activity done during swimming indicates clearly that such physical activity belongs to “intermittent” one meaning an activity consisting of work interval alternates with the relief interval. In the swimming training method, the form of physical training has not been performed accurately by using the primary energy system. Fox, et al (1993: 298) mentioned a variety of training methods. One most frequently studied method is “interval training”. Interval training method is the training method in which the athlete performs the work interval and relief interval alternately. Interval method is the only training method with variation and measurable to develop the primary energy system (Fox et al, 1993: 313). The contribution of primary system to the swimming sport depends on its interval activity. During the work interval, the primary energy system used is aerobic or anaerobic system, while during the relief interval the aerobic energy system is used.
The effective training program will appear in the good training method corresponding to the energy system. The training program for a sport should be adjusted with the energy requirement. Fox & Mathews (1981: 280) states that the proper energy source depends particularly on the time and intensity. Without explaining the characteristics of sport in detail, time is the most important to pay attention to. Indeed, the primary energy system for each physical activity can be estimated based on the activity performing time.
Another important exercise need is to give “overload”, meaning to increase the energy requirement gradually by increasing the load in the training program. The effect of training is obtained when such activity is harder than what obtained. This cannot be replaced by other program. The overload factor for anaerobic and aerobic includes the improvement of training frequency, intensity and program duration. The emphasis on the training is known in various energy systems, therefore the most appropriate training method is to result in the desired transformation (change) can be determined (Fox & Mathews, 1981: 281).
To understand the relation between the main energy source and the work performance time is the basic for learning how to develop work interval and relief interval in the interval training, including the one for swimming sport at 100 meters distance (Fox, et al, 1993: 307). By taking into account the work performance time of work interval, which the main energy system that will be developed can be determined; it is similar to during the relief interval. In anaerobic interval training program of 100-meter swimming there are varied distances adjusted with the uses of anaerobic energy system. The distances for anaerobic interval training include 25 meters, 50 meters and combination of them.
The main energy system used in 25-meter distance is ATP-PC energy system (phosphagen system), 50-meter distance is ATP-PC-LA (anaerobic glicolysis system), while 20-50 meter combination is combination of ATP-PC energy system (phosphagen) and ATP-PC-LA (anaerobic glicolysis system) (Fox, et al, 1993:307). Recovery interval according Fox et al (1993: 302) is stated in the relation to the recovery-work ratio and it can be expressed as follows: 1:½, 1:1, 1:2 or 1:3. Ratio 1:½ suggests that the recovery interval time equals to a half of work interval time, ratio 1:1 shows that the work interval equals to the recovery interval. In the shorter work interval, the ratio is 1:3 because its intensity is high, while in the longer work interval, the recovery-work ratio is 1:½ or 1:1.
In the energy system needed in the free style swimming, the most dominant element is power, particularly arm power. It can be seen from the quickly movement of pulling and pushing water, requiring a good arm power element. The movement of pushing and pulling water is the basic technique the swimmer should master, because with such quick movement, the swimmer obtains the good pushing or moving energy in addition to as the regulator of body balance.
The searching for prospect athletes emphasized on the 8-12 age children is expected can yield the maximum achievement. In order to improve it, the attempt of seeding and establishing the achievement sport should be done systematically and comprehensively. The use of anaerobic energy system during the 100-meter swimming training program through varied distance and the specified work interval time and predefined time duration during the relief interval, as well as predetermined work-interval ratio should be examined for its accuracy in developing a training program. Anaerobic interval training activities developed above are needed for finding out the effect of “anaerobic interval” training in varied distances on swimming speed of the 100-meter front crawl style in the male swimmer association Tirta Dharma and Almagari Surakarta.
B. Problem Statement
Based on the problem background, the problems need to be formulated as follows:
1. Is there effect difference of anaerobic interval training between the 25-meter and 50-meter distances on the swimming speed increase of 100-meter Front Crawl style?
2. Is there effect difference of anaerobic interval training between the 25-meter and combination of 25-50meter distances on the swimming speed increase of 100-meter Front Crawl style?
3. Is there effect difference of anaerobic interval training between the 50-meter and combination of 25-50meter distances on the swimming speed increase of 100-meter Front Crawl style?
4. Is there difference of swimming speed of 100 meter Front Crawl style between the swimmers with high arm power and the ones with low arm power?
5. Is there interaction between anaerobic interval training and the arm power on the swimming speed of 100 meter Front Crawl style?
C. Problem Discussion
1. Anaerobic Interval Training
“Training” and “conditioning” are frequently considered synonymous, but each of them has different meaning. “Conditioning” is a training process aiming to particularly develop the energy potential without emphasizing on the skill or training performance, while “training” is the practicing process concerning both of them, either energy potential development or skill performance (Smith, N.J, 1983: 184). Training is the work process undertaken in systematic and sustainable manner, in which the training load and intensity increase more and more, so that finally it gives stimulation comprehensively to the body and aims to improve the physical and mental capabilities simultaneously (Mulyono, 1993:1).
Fox et al (1984: 208) states that training method based on the energy system development consisting of ten types of program. Of those ten training program types, interval training can be varied and regulated for improving the anaerobic and or aerobic system:
a. Acceleration sprint
b. Continuous fast running
c. Continuous slow running
d. Interval sprinting
e. Interval training
f. Jogging
g. Repetition running
h. Speed play
i. Sprint training
The basic principle of physical training is to give physical stress on the body regularly, systematically, and in sustainable manner such that improve the capability of doing work. A regular, systematical and sustainable physical training put into a training program will improve physical capability significantly, but the irregular one will not.
2. Anaerobic Interval Training Of 25-Meter Distance Swimming
Anaerobic interval training of 25-meter distance swimming is the anaerobic interval training with the work time to relief time ratio of 1:3. Anaerobic interval training in this study is the one of 25 meter-distance swimming with the work time to relief time ratio of 1:3, with work time 16-20 seconds. Thus, the relief period is between 51 and 60 seconds. It is anaerobic interval training with shorter period because of its high intensity, so that the work-relief ratio is 1:3 (Fox, Bowers and Foss, 1993:305).
The advantage of anaerobic interval training of 25-meter distance is that it increases the ATP-PC energy system substantially. With 51-60 seconds relief period, the swimmer’s ATP-PC energy just recovers. In order to perform the next work, the energy used is not 100% ATP-PC, because it has not recovered 100%.
3. Anaerobic Interval Training Of 50-Meter Distance Swimming
Anaerobic interval training of 50-meter distance swimming is the anaerobic interval training with the work time to relief time ratio of 1:2. Anaerobic interval training in this study is the one of 50 meter-distance swimming with the work time to relief time ratio of 1:2, with work time 32-40 seconds. Thus, the relief period is between 64 and 80 seconds. Anaerobic interval training with medium period (440-660 yard) generally uses the work-relief ratio of 1:2 (Fox, Bowers and Foss, 1993:305).
The advantage of anaerobic interval training of 50-meter distance is that it increases the ATP-PC+LA energy system substantially. With 64-80 seconds relief period, the swimmer’s ATP-PC+LA energy just recovers. In order to perform the next work, the energy used is not 100% ATP-PC+LA, because it has not recovered 100%.
4. Anaerobic Interval Training Of 25-50 Meters Swimming Distance Combination
Anaerobic interval training of 25-50 meters swimming distance combination is the anaerobic interval training with the work time to relief time ratio of 1:3 and 1:2. Anaerobic interval training in this study is the one of 25-50 meters swimming distance combination with the work time to relief time ratio of 1:3 and 1:2, with work time 16-20 seconds and 32-40 seconds. Thus, the relief period is between 64 and 80 seconds and between 64 and 84 seconds.
The advantage of anaerobic interval training of 25-50 meters swimming distance combination is that it increases the ATP-PC and ATP-PC+LA energy systems more advantageous than the anaerobic interval training with swimming distance of 25 meters and 50 meters. With 51-60 and 64-80 seconds relief periods, the swimmer’s ATP-PC and ATP-PC+LA energies just recover. In order to perform the next work, the energy used is not 100% ATP-PC and ATP-PC+LA, because they have not recovered 100%.
5. Arm Power
Based on its energy system, free style swimming is a quick moving sport within which it is dominated by physical condition element called power. M. Sajoto (1995:8) says that power is the muscular power of someone’s capability of using his/her maximum arm power exerting in as short as possible time in this case it is stated that muscular power = arm power (force) x velocity.
This argument is confirmed by Suharno HP. (1993:37) stating that “Muscular power is a muscle or a group of muscle’s capability of coping with the load with high velocity in the full movement duration”. Most sports relates to power. Power concerns arm power, and dynamic and explosive contraction speed, and it includes the maximal muscular power expending in short duration. The standard definition of power is force times distance divided by time unit (Hetfield, 1989:124). So, power is the performance of maximal muscle work function in time unit. Muscle strength, endurance and power are the physical components of all sports (Harsono, 1988: 176). Power can be stated as the explosive power and necessary for the sports dominated by the quick and strong muscle contraction, both elements are interplaying, the strong muscle has the high power and the muscle with high power has surely the high strength value.
Bompa (1990) says that an individual’s power consists of efficient speed and strength, coordination and skill. Furthermore, it is also stated that an individual with power is the one who has: 1) high-order strength, 2) high speed, 3) high skill level in the combination of muscle speed and strength.
6. The Speed Of 100-Meter Front Crawl Style Swimming
The core of short distance swimming achievement or 100 meter quick swimming is in the swimming speed or swimming as fast as possible. In discussion the 100-meter swimming achievement, the speed factor cannot be separated. In sport activities particularly swimming, speed is the capability of moving as fast as possible. This speed contributes significantly to the sprints swimming achievement.
D. The Relevant Studies
The relevant study is the one conducted by Suratmin in 2001 entitled The Effect of Anaerobic Interval Training on the 100-meter Front Crawl style swimming in the intermediate swimmer. The study belongs to “field experimental” research with randomized groups-pretest-posttest design”.
E. Result
1. Description of Data
Table 1. Summary of Descriptive Analysis Total Result of Speed Score of 100 meter 100-meter Front Crawl swimming
| Arm power | Statistic | Anaerobic interval training | |||
| 25-meter swimming distance (a1) | 50-meter swimming distance (a2) | 25-50 meter swimming distance (a3) | Total | ||
| High (b1) | N | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 |
| SY | 20.59 | 11.22 | 23.91 | 55.72 | |
| SYZ | 71.8053 | 22.8326 | 97.1247 | 191.7626 | |
| Mean | 3.432 | 1.870 | 3.985 | 3.096 | |
| Low (b2) | N | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 |
| SY | 14.21 | 15.13 | 17.54 | 46.88 | |
| SYZ | 36.4559 | 40.1531 | 54.1638 | 130.7728 | |
| Mean | 2.368 | 2.522 | 2.923 | 2.604 | |
| Total | N | 12 | 12 | 12 | 36 |
| SY | 34.80 | 26.35 | 41.45 | 102.60 | |
| SYZ | 108.2612 | 62.9857 | 151.2885 | 322.5354 | |
| Mean | 2.900 | 2.196 | 3.454 | 2.850 | |
2. Hypothesis testing
Table 2. Summary of Anava Calculation Result on the Result of 100 meter Front Crawl Style Swimming Speed Result at significance level α = 0.05
| Variation source | dk | JK | RJK | Fo | Ft |
| Treatment mean | 1 | 292.4100 | 292.410 | | |
| A | 2 | 9.5454 | 4.773 | 11.4248 * | 3.32 |
| B | 1 | 2.1707 | 2.171 | 5.1962 * | 4.17 |
| AB | 2 | 5.8767 | 2.938 | 7.0338 | 3.32 |
| Error | 30 | 12.5325 | 0.418 | | |
| Total | 36 | 322.5354 | | | |
Note:
JK : Square number
dk : Degree of freedom
RK : Square number means
Fo : F-observation value
Ft : F-table value at α = 0,05
A : Anaerobic interval training group
B : Swimmer group based on the arm power classification
AB : Interaction between the training group and the arm power
* : Significance sign at α = 0,05
F. Conclusion
Based on the result of research and data analysis, it can be concluded that:
1. There is significant effect of anaerobic interval training between the 25-meter and 50-meter distances on the swimming speed increase of 100-meter Front Crawl style. The effect of anaerobic interval training with 25-meter distance is better than that with 50-meter distance on the swimming speed increase of 100-meter Front Crawl style.
2. There is significant effect of anaerobic interval training between the 25-meter and combination of 25-50meter distances on the swimming speed increase of 100-meter Front Crawl style. The effect of anaerobic interval training with 25-meter distance is better than that with combination of 25-50meter distances on the swimming speed increase of 100-meter Front Crawl style.
3. There is significant effect of anaerobic interval training between the 50-meter and combination of 25-50meter distances on the swimming speed increase of 100-meter Front Crawl style. The effect of anaerobic interval training with 25-meter distance is better than that with combination of 25-50meter distances on the swimming speed increase of 100-meter Front Crawl style.
4. There is significant speed difference of 100-meter front crawl style swimming between the swimmers with high arm power and the ones with low arm power. The result of 100-meter front crawl style swimming of the swimmers with high arm power is better than that of the swimmer with low arm power.
5. There is a significant interaction effect between the anaerobic interval training and the arm power on the swimming speed of 100-meter front crawl style.
a. The swimmers group with lower arm power has higher increase in the swimming speed of 100-meter front crawl style if it is trained with 25-meter distance anaerobic interval training.
b. The swimmers group with higher arm power has higher increase in the swimming speed of 100-meter front crawl style if it is trained with 25-meter distance anaerobic interval training.
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